Pacs Essay Example for Free

Barrier is something Essay Example for Free

Obstruction is something Essay Unit 18 What is obstruction? A boundary is something that gets into the way or prevents something else from occurring. As we as a whole know, correspondence is an extraordinary complex advancement. Furthermore, in the event that one individual thinks that its difficult to get subject or to compose or even talk successfully about it, that individual can't be certain that his/her significance has been gotten precisely. This loss of significance which may square correspondence is frequently called Barrier. There are 3 principle manners by which correspondence can be blocked: 1. On the off chance that an individual can't see, hear, or get the message 2. In the event that an individual can't understand the message 3. In the event that an individual misjudges the messages 1. Individual can't see, hear, or get the message. Visual handicap Hearing inability Ecological issues â€(noise) Talking from excessively far 2. Individual can't understand the message. Distinctive language are being utilized, including communication through signing Individuals utilizing various terms, for example, slang web or content language One of the speakers has physical or astuteness incapacity, for example, memory misfortune or learning Dysfunction. 3. Individual misjudges the message. Social contrast: various societies decipher non-verbal and verbal and humor, in various ways Assumptions about individuals: presumptions about race, sexual orientation, inabilities and so forth can prompt generalizing and misjudging Emotional Difference, furious or extremely cheerful individuals may confound what is said think regarding mockery Social challenge: discussion and non-verbal messages comprehended by dear companion may not be comprehend by outsiders. Physical hindrances A physical hindrance to correspondence Is something in the encompassing that prevents the individual from speaking with other. For instance if where the discussion is held might be uproarious. Impairmentsvc A few people will haveimpairments that can prevent them from correspondence for instance on the off chance that they can't see,hear,or talk. Passionate elements Enthusiastic factor can influence the manner in which we speak with others for instance, absence of help/absence of trust, afraid,feeling happy,feeling sad,low self-estee/or over/under certain. Diverse language A few people may not communicate in a similar language as you and thusly you may experience issues seeing each other Jargon Language is when individuals utilize specialized words. The utilization of language can be mistaking for other to comprehend.

Tips For Planning College Essays

Tips For Planning College EssaysAs you plan your college essays, you can expect to find two broad categories of issues essay topics. One is an academic topic, and the other is a non-academic topic. You'll also come across many free essay prompts on the internet, and they may cover topics in the non-academic segment of the category.The academic issue is a written essay that centers on a specific topic. Typically this is a written research paper that has a focus on a single area. An example of an academic essay is a research paper with a title relating to a particular area of study. In this type of essay, it is easy to select a particular area of research to discuss.The academic essay topic should also have a problem statement for the student to address. The academic essay will not be satisfactory if it does not contain a strong problem statement, and the student must be prepared for the exact same problem.On the other hand, non-academic essay topics often include many of the same issu es as academic topics, but they do not require you to choose a specific topic or problem statement. Many of these essays are included with a variety of topics that may overlap on at least one level. These could include discussion of time management, business ethics, or sociology.Many of the free essay prompts that you can use for this section of your essays do not specifically mention a problem statement. So, when preparing for this section, keep in mind that the point of the essay will be based on your own research. This will naturally include some problems to solve on your own, and you will need to address them directly.Your point of view, your essay's goal, and the topic you choose are all important factors to consider when planning an effective essay. This may even differ depending on the type of essay you are writing. If you plan to write an academic essay, an academic essay will require that you provide an issue statement.When composing a non-academic essay, you may be able to select a wider range of topics for your essays. For example, you could use a variety of topics for your essay. At times, topics that may have been considered unprofessional before may be considered appropriate after writing the essay for some reason.Once you have written the essay, check back often to make sure you have addressed each topic and problem. If you haven't fixed a problem or discussed a topic, you may want to seek the help of an experienced essay writer. Often, they will offer a variety of suggestions to help you improve your essays.

A New Perspective On International Business - 1078 Words

International business has been and continues to be a rapidly growing dimension with communication and transportation advances enabling companies to service a world market. This brings about a new perspective when conducting business in a foreign country, with the need to consider different laws, economic policies, political climates, cultural dynamics, and social factors. Obligatory for its success, a company wishing to expand globally must look at these differences when formulating its international business plan. Additionally, on the heels of such scandals such as those involving Enron, WorldCom, and Satyam Computer Services, investors desire a single international accounting standard; however, hold differing opinions as to what that single standard should be. In the United States, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) outlines for accountants the acceptable practices regarding the preparation of financial statements. GAAP, developed by the Financial Accounting Stand ards Board (FASB) and known for being more rules-based, specifies the presentation of financial data on the balance statement, income statement, and statement of cash flows. While certain circumstances allow for deviation from GAAP, those deviations must be disclosed. Internationally, accounting standards are under the eye of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and referred to as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which is known for being principles-basedShow MoreRelatedInternational Marketing. Submitted By: Zeinab Amin. Submitted1484 Words   |  6 Pages International Marketing Submitted by: Zeinab Amin Submitted by: Melanie Simmons International Business Northern Alberta Institute of Technology March 12, 2017 â€Æ' Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 4 MARKETING PLAN 5 FACTORS EFFECTING INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 6 PEST ANALYSIS 6 POLITICAL 6 ECONOMIC 7 SOCIAL 8 TECHNOLOGICAL 8 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGIES 8 EXPORTING 9 LICENSING AND FRANCHISING 9 JOINT VENTURE 10 DIRECT INVESTMENTS 10 CONCLUSION 10 REFERENCES 12 â€Æ' INTRODUCTIONRead MoreIntroduction. Coca-Cola Is One Of The Company That Gets1482 Words   |  6 Pagesoutside of the United States; this is a perfect example of international Marketing. 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The business intelligence balanced scorecard which was incorporated in the system is as tabulated below: Customer perspective Economic and financial perspective Customer satisfaction grades Revenues for services Point of service surveys Costs for services Complaints/feedbacks Units of service provided Waiting time for first visit Innovation and growth perspective Operations perspective Healthcare market share of region Length of patientRead MoreWhat Role Do Hrm Practices Play in a Business Decision to Expand Internationally?1327 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Role Do HRM Practices Play In A Business Decision To Expand Internationally? Ilein Arteaga 2608214 Florida International University HRM CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION OF BUSINESS Human Resource practices play a great role in the international expansion of businesses. 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Effective Business Communication Quinn Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Business Communication Quinn Management. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the study paper is to assess the personal capabilities of the individuals leading towards effective communication. By using a range of diagnostic tools related to communication i.e. the Johari Window, Assertiveness Questionnaires, QuinnManagement Questionnaires, emotional intelligence test, and Communication Style Questionnaires have been taken into account to analyse the verbal communication skills, active listening skills and non-verbal communication skills of individuals. By using the strategy, the study has helped to evaluate the key communication challenges within my personal communication and the ways to improve the skills (Bednar, 2008). Also, the study presents a review of past literature and theoretical concepts to develop effective communication practices. Lastly, an action plan has been developed for the next six months that will be helpful for me to acquire skills, competencies, and behavioural knowledge. Diagnosis and Reflection: Self-assessment of personal communication style In order to define the self-assessment of verbal and non-verbal communication skills and active listening skills, I have utilised five diagnostic tools related to communication i.e. the Johari Window, Assertiveness Questionnaires, QuinnManagement Questionnaires, emotional intelligence test, and Communication Style Questionnaires. By using the Johari Window model, efficient communication and understanding can be developed among the team members (Harvell, 2016). The model has encouraged the members to created trust by disclosing personal information with each other. I have identified that during the group activities, verbal communication skills have been a leading strength for my character. I can influence the people through by verbal arguments in a significant way. Similarly, the Assertiveness Questionnaires and Communication Style Questionnaires have evaluated my fundamental strengths and weaknesses in communication. Through the analysis, I have determined that I am a kind of intuiti ve communicator who likes to think in the broader perspective. I establish communication on the basis of evidence and maintain a linear order during conversations. On the other hand, the QuinnManagement Questionnaires and emotional intelligence test model have been assessed to determine the leadership style within my communication strategy. The score of the model is satisfactory, to say the least. Precisely, I do not make decisions easily until I am satisfied with the answers. Before jumping into the conclusion, I tend to use my active learning skills to understand the point of view of the speaker. Therefore, I think that I am a good listener as well. However, the results of the model and communication tools have mostly indicated that my non-verbal communication and behavioural aspects need to be improved in a substantial way. Precisely, behavioural elements can be identified as the major aspects of non-verbal communication. According to the communication tools and models, my body language, pitch, the speed of communication, and facial gestures are not satisfactory (Bednar, 2008). Due to my approaches, sometimes listeners can think that I am a type of arrogant person. Therefore, I need to ensure my gestures, expressions, and body language will be improved to influence the impact of non-verbal communication. Key communication challenges that need to be improved According to the findings of the communication tools and models, I think that language barrier and lack of feedback can be identified as the two major communication issues in my communication strategy (Gargiulo, 2014). Precisely, during communication with different types of people, limited linguistic knowledge has posed a substantial problem for me. Therefore, sometimes linguistic barriers can affect my personal communication efficiency. Besides, the issue has led to slow communication with the people. In addition, such linguistic issue can create misunderstanding at times that has led to ineffective communication. On the other hand, lack of feedback can be defined as another significant challenge to my personal communication skills. Most of the time, I have been engaged with one-way communication that has resulted in effective communication. Meanwhile, I need to encourage others to deliver feedback about my ways of exchanging information and knowledge sharing (Bishop, 2017). Reflection of professional interactions In the recent twelve months or so, I had two professional interactions that led me to identify the communication challenges to be improved from a broader perspective. First of all, I have been engaged in a team assignment that requires significant communication development. In the group assignment, there are four team members and a group leader. In terms of communication, I have discovered that my linguistic barriers have created issues to understand different perspective during the collection of data. As a result of the same, I had misinterpreted some of the data. During interaction with different kind of people, limited linguistic and cultural knowledge had caused problems to understand my team members. During meetings and assignment related seminars, different aspects and cultural attributes were included that had been beyond my reach. I had found things really tough at times. In another professional interaction, I have participated in a training and career development programme that demand effective two-way communication. I have found that during the training sessions I have lacked the confidence to ask about different things regarding training. My verbal and non-verbal communication tactics were not up to the mark to influence others. As a result of the scenario, I have failed to be engaged with other participants (Park, Ko, 2015). Similarly, linguistic barriers have also affected my communication strategies, to say the least. Due to lack of diversified linguistic as well as cultural knowledge, I have failed to apply myself to impress others. However, my body language and facial expressions have managed to control the issues to a certain amount. Based on the two professional interactions, I think that I need to improve my communication skills mitigating the issues of linguistic barriers and lack of feedback. The communication models and tools have been utilised to identify what are the missing links affecting my communication skills. Alternatively, the professional interactions have also pointed out that I need to improve my personal communication skills to influence others. In professional interactions, fluency of speaking can be identified as one of the crucial supporting factors (Klein, Chen, Haney, 2010). Herein, my linguistic barriers have limited my competencies to be displayed in front of the others. Based on the diagnosis, it is evident that I need to work on my communication skills. I need to learn different languages so that the linguistic barriers in communication can be resolved. Furthermore, I must establish two-way communication during personal interactions to influence others thoughts as well. Literature Review The entire diagnosis and reflection have been pointed out two major challenges in setting up communication as far as my personal skills are concerned. In this particular section, theoretical concepts, behavioural factors, and previous literature on this topic have been taken into account to identify the best practices to be considered. Zelizer (2015) reviews how communication theory has played a leading to improve the standards of communication and interpersonal interactions. According to the author, modern communication practices must be effectively utilised in the professional level to influence others. Based on the research of the author, effective analytical skills, critical thinking skills, and reading skills can improve the strategies of professionals during interpersonal interactions. The communication theory technique increases the competencies and knowledge of a person adding proficiency in communication style (Bellos, 2009). Understandably, linguistic barriers can be defined as one of the major challenges for me in developing effective communication. Netten, van Someren (2011) have identified how effective communication strategies can drive the success of an entire communication process. According to the authors, by adopting broader knowledge and theoretical concepts, a professional can reduce the issues related to linguistic as well as cultural barriers. Preferably, suitable reading and learning of different languages can solve the issue in a comprehensive way. Alternatively, Osborn, Motley (2009) have defined the role of improving communication in personal and professional efficiency. In order to deal with the issues of cross-cultural differences and linguistic challenges in communication, professional training and development courses can be ideal for learning different cultures as well as languages. Thus, through the identification of different cultural aspects and languages can improve the overall efficiency during cross-border communication (Osborn, Motley, 2009). Invariably, the issue of the lack of feedback during communication must be handled in an effective way defining the theoretical aspects. Hynes (2012) evaluates that the role of most of the communication strategies can be improved if right measures can be applied. For instance, during a conversation, one-way communication should be avoided. A speaker must provide an equal chance to others so that a two-way communication channel can be set. Thus, the overall efficiency of the communication can be improved. On this note, Robinson (2010) investigates howmanagement strategy can be influenced by improving substantial communication channels. Meanwhile, continuous feedback from others can improve the success rate of communication strategies. Meanwhile, Kinnick (2015) evaluates the role of communication skills leading towards efficiency of a professional. Precisely, communication skills must be improved through identifying the challenges and solving the problems. Apparently, there are certain behavioural aspects that can improve the communication practices. For instance, effective reading skills, learning skills, writing skills, and verbal as well as non-verbal communication skills can increase the potential competencies of an individual. Jewitt (2013) identifies how learning skills and communication styles are interlinked with each other. Decisively, effective interpersonal skills such as actives learning skills and listening skills of an individual can deliver efficient communication ways leading to success. In terms of modern day communication challenges, identifying the issues can be evident. Precisely, as linguistic barriers and lack of feedback have been considered as the leading challenges in communication development in the study, substantial behavioural approaches such as interpersonal skills must be taken into consideration to improve the communication practices. First of all, different types of communication skills such as reading skills, writing skills, active listening skills, verbal skills and non-verbal communication skills must be developed to improve the entire communication strategy of an individual. Meanwhile, Bryant (2014) has defined how to deal with the modern day communication challenges by improving the interpersonal skills. According to the concept of Bryant (2014), an individual must learn to be an active listener to improve the communication system. In order to control the issue of cultural and linguistic diversity in communication, active listening can help out an individual to improve interactions. Sometime, non-verbal communication techniques such as body language of the speaker, attitude, facial expression, and assertiveness can improve the outcome of the interaction. Such positive non-verbal communication skills can encourage two-way interaction. On a broader perspective, Zhou (2015) has argued the strategic interventions required in communication set up. Evidently, a cooperative environment must be created promoting togetherness. Such effective environment can increase knowledge sharing that can lead to effective communication. On the other hand, Smart (2016) has reviewed the importance of developing interpersonal skills to enhance communication skills in an individuals personal trait. Fundamentally, collaborative nature can develop a great communicator, to say the least. It is the intensity of a person that encourages effective communication. In context to the current scenario, effective interpersonal skills and knowledge sharing attributes will be evident to overcome communication issues identified in the diagnosis and reflection study. Moreover, engagement with the associates can improve the communication skills of an individual reducing the linguistic barriers (Bellos, 2009). Besides, the fluency of speaking and effective two-way communication can increase the chances of active communication. Based on the theoretical aspects and behavioural concepts, active listening and elements of non-verbal communication must be taken into account to deal with the additional challenges in communication (Netten, van Someren, 2011). Action Plan In order to improve the interpersonal communication skill, identifying the problems and solving methods will not be enough to deal with the entire situation. Effective action plan must be developed to improve the personal communication skills of an individual. On the basis of the entire reflection and diagnosis as well as the review of previous literature, I need to set specific targets and goals in a six-month action plan to improve the current condition. Precisely, assessment of the issues and suitable actions must be taken into account to progress in the professional communication (Gargiulo, 2014). In the underlying section, the identified action plan has included actions such as indentify mentor, undertake short communication course and advanced communication course, reading activities, maintaining personal journal, and self-assessment of the improvement to build substantial competencies enhancing communication strategies. Invariably, a Gantt chart has been developed to identify the timeline suitable for the personal development plan. Personal Development Plan Actions or activities Why the action needed for development of communication skills? What resources or assistance is needed? Measures to know the achievement of goals Timeline Identify Mentor By identifying the mentor for improving communication, individuals can get a role model to set communication goals and objectives Through the identification of mentors such as University Instructor or a famous communicatior supportive for individual development plan, I can learn interpersonal communication skills and theoretical concepts It is important to complete the entire activity within the set deadline 1 Month Undertake Short Course Short corporate communication courses can increase the standard of communication according to the contemporary set up Short communication courses such as leadership communication course, corporate governance course, executive communication course, and intercultural competency based certification course must be taken into account Effective course feedback and improvement in knowledge and communication standards must be reviewed (Bishop, 2017) 3 Months Undertake Advanced Post Graduate Communication Course Advanced communication courses can improve listening activities, fluency in languages, and unexpected potency in personal traits Advanced post graduate communication course under the supervision of renowned university can unleash splendid communication style and approach It will be important to score high distinction in the course to improve the skills and competencies 6 Months Reading Activities Reading activities can improve the knowledge and competency of individuals Books such as Skill with People by Les Giblin, The Definitive Book of Body Language by Barbara and Allan Pease, Just Listen: Discover the secret to Getting Through to Absolute Anyone by Mark Goulston must be recommended for improving reading skills Effective theoretical concepts and application of knowledge must be evaluated to clarify the success (Gargiulo, 2014) 6 Months Maintain Personal Journal on communication The action is required to note down the learning process and increase writing skills Personal journals must be represented to draw the effective communication skills and non-verbal communication elements learnt through the entire process of individual development plan Enhancement in the communication strategies must be overviewed to identify the success 6 Months Self Reflection Self-assessment and self-reflection must be conducted to review the progress Proper guidance from the professionals and instructors must be required Feedback must be considered to achieve the targeted communication standards After every 2 month Gantt chart The Gantt chart for the action plan to develop personal communication skills have been presented herein below: Gantt Chart Actions or activities Timeline Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 Identify Mentor 1 Month Undertake Short Course 3 Months Undertake Advanced Post Graduate Communication Course 6 Months Reading Activities 6 Months Maintain Personal Journal on communication 4 Months Self Reflection After every 2 Months It can be seen from the above figure that the necessary actions are to be taken within next six months to improve my communication skills. First of all, one month has been invested to indentify the suitable mentor affecting the communication strategies. Alternatively, by undertaking short communication courses for three months, the overall communication standards can be improved. Also, advanced post graduate communication courses for six months from reputed university can enhance latest communication techniques supportive for professional life. Apart from that, suitable reading activities must be taken into account for the entire six months. Meanwhile, for the last four months, it will be important to maintain personal journals reflecting on communication interactions. Conclusion Through the entire discussion and analysis, it can be said that interpersonal skills must be improved to increase the potentiality of communication. By identifying the challenges affecting personal communication through self-assessment, it is important to set action plans to improve the communication status. Precisely, in modern day scenario, professionals must identify the efficacy of communication skills to influence others. Also, active listening skills, reading and writing skills and non-verbal communication elements must be enhanced by participating in professional interactions. Thus, personal communication development can be attained converting the weaknesses into strengths. References Bednar, L. (2008). Learning the Intricacies of Effective Communication Through Game Design.Business Communication Quarterly,71(1), 68-71. Bellos, D. (2009). Jumping over the language barrier.Language Communication,29(4), 401-404. Bishop, D. (2017).Effective communication(1st ed.). Cleveland, Tenn.: Pathway Press. Bryant, J. (2014). Critical Communication Challenges For the New Century.Journal Of Communication,54(3), 389-401. Gargiulo, T. (2014).The Strategic Use of Stories in Organizational Communication and Learning(1st ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Harvell, L. (2016). Effective Communication: A Comparison of Tools for Organizations.Review Of Communication,6(1-2), 141-143. Hynes, G. (2012). Improving Employees' Interpersonal Communication Competencies: A Qualitative Study.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), 466-475. Jewitt, C. (2013).Learning and communication in digital multimodal landscapes(1st ed.). London: Institute of Education Press. Kinnick, K. (2015). Workplace Communication: What The Apprentice Teaches About Communication Skills.Business Communication Quarterly,68(4), 429-456. Klein, M., Chen, D., Haney, C. (2010).Promoting learning through active interaction(1st ed.). Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Pub. Netten, N., van Someren, M. (2011). Improving Communication in Crisis Management by Evaluating the Relevance of Messages.Journal Of Contingencies And Crisis Management,19(2), 75-85. Osborn, S., Motley, M. (2009).Improving communication(1st ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Park, J., Ko, H. (2015). Effective acoustic model clustering via decision-tree with supervised learning.Speech Communication,46(1), 1-13. Robinson, S. (2010). Improving Organisational Communication: Developing a Management Strategy.International Journal Of Public Sector Management,3(1). Smart, K. (2016). Developing Effective Interpersonal Communication and Discussion Skills.Business Communication Quarterly,69(3), 276-283. Zelizer, B. (2015). Making Communication Theory Matter.Communication Theory,25(4), 410-415. Zhou, Q. (2015). Strategy first, execution second.Communication Design Quarterly Review,3(3), 53-55.

War poetry analysis Essay Example For Students

War poetry analysis Essay War Poetry War has an everlasting effect on the inure world, but the one group of people that have the worst experience are those that are on the frontline the soldiers. They are often glorified and portrayed to be patriots for their country, which is frequently conveyed through poetry. I disagree with this view, and the following three poems written by past soldiers support my view on war. Siegfried Swanson is a renowned World War 1 poet who was in service from 1914 to 1917, when he then took a stand against the conduct of war. When Swanson flirts began writing his poetry, he did so tit an alarm of romance and sweetness. After becoming horrified by the reality of war, his writing then became increasingly brutal to convey the truth and ugliness of war in order to crush the glorification and patriotism that is associated with it. Suicide in the Trenches was written during Seasons military service and published in his 1918 collection of literary work, and is a self-explanatory title for what the following poem is about. We will write a custom essay on War poetry analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It Is written in 3 4-lined stanzas and has the rhyming pattern AFFECTEDLY. Alliteration Is a favored technique used by Swanson, along with the SE of adjectives, imagery, contrast, symbolism, l knew a simple soldier boy is the opening line of the poem. Boy is used as a way to convey the soldiers innocence and youthfulness, in comparison to him being referred to as a man. Seasons use of the word simple tells us that the soldier has not a care in the world he is happy, carefree, naive and doesnt understand the depth of the severity of war. Empty Joy is used a way to convey that the soldier smiles at everything hes young, has no worries and this gives a notion of how Immature he must have been. The loneliness f the dark can often feel Isolating, and the soldier was able to sleep soundly, which can imply that after he sees the battlefront, dark means a threat of an attack, thus making him restless in the emptiness that is the dark. Whistling is commonly used to show an upbeat attitude, and though he is up early, this does not hinder his mood as he whistles with the lark a spring bird. The lark is a representation of his youthfulness, and as spring brings positive attitudes, this is a contrast to the following stanza that begins In winter. Winter weather has always been associated tit negative emotions, which implies that the depression fuelled by war has now started. Cowed and glum is used to tell us that the soldier is intimidated, and frightened of the war. His emotions now contrast the beginning of the poem, as the seasons changed, so did the soldiers attitude. He sinks into his depression, and lice and lack of rum represents the dirtiness of the trenches and the meager supplies on the battlefront. The lack of rum also represents his nervousness, as soldiers were given rum to calm their nerves before going on the frontline. The alliteration of the otter B in He put a bullet through his brain, emphasizes the bitterness of the tone and adds to the harshness at the climax of the poem his death. The alliteration is also effective as if you were to remove the remaining words, you would still receive the same message. Soldiers that die in the pit are forgotten every day. Death is a common occurrence in war and the individual personalities of soldiers are lost to speak directly to the reader. The public are conceited and as much as they think they can, they cannot empathic with those returning from war. They think that by herring for the survivors they are being patriotic. Kindling is used to describe the start of a fire, and Swanson adopts this word to represent the shining eyes of the crowd. The crowd assume a superficial countenance when the soldiers walk by. War is not glorious, but the crowd believe otherwise. Hell is used as a metaphor for the destination for the lost youth and laughter of the soldiers. .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .postImageUrl , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:hover , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:visited , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:active { border:0!important; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:active , .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6 .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u27527498dea0e60f73e6039ddfa194c6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord Of The Flies - Character Analysis EssayPeople are sent to Hell to be punished, and Swanson uses this to compare to the war. He believes it is dark, evil and depressing, and while the soldiers are sent to hell, some remain there whilst there bring pieces of it back home with them. He wants those in the crowd to pray theyll never know what he and many others have lived, and died, through. SST. James Aeolian served in the Second World War in the 10th infantry division, where he toured Europe fighting. He was wounded in action and received a purple heart, though he never spoke about his experiences in the war with his family. After his passing in 2007, his family found a poem that he wrote where he describes his experience in killing a man in action. The poem is titled Murder: Most Foul, which is borrowed from Shakespearean Hamlet. It has six 4-lined stanzas and a final 5-lined stanza, with each having different rhyming patterns. The first two stanzas have the pattern BACKED, stanzas three through six have the pattern ABACA, and the 5-line stanza has the pattern ABACA. The poem utilizes multiple techniques including repetition, rhyme, imagery and metaphor. Aeolian uses the terms surprise and strangest to convey the rarity and unusualness of what was happening. He began to cry for he killed fellow man in cold blood. This was unusual as he was going to war to fight, but when he shot a man he regained his conscience, only too late. So young holds more power than referring to the soldier as Just young, and this is repeated again with the addition of Very to give additional emphasis on his age. He was an innocent boy which is told through the fear in his eyes. He left his homeland to fight, only to be shot dead in Holland. The opening two lines of the third stanza can be open to interpretation by anybody, but I believe it meant that Aeolian thought that if the soldiers family were praying for him back home, God may have spared his life. Aeolian uses the word murdered as it evokes more powerful emotions than killed or hot. Murder is illegal in any other situation, and Aeolian does not see a difference with killing in war and murdering. Though Aeolian served for his country, when it came down to killing another man, he immediately felt pangs of remorse. The soldier was his enemy and they were at war, it was either kill or be killed. Although Aeolian had to defend his own life, he still knew it was wrong and unfair for them to both be in a war that is not their own. He calls the soldier brother while he is dying in his hands, in an attempt to relate to him they were brothers of war. The soldier responds with Mother, which can tell us his final thoughts were not occupied with war, but his life at home. The final stanza repeats the beginning of the first, which is used to show the finality of the poem and emphasize his surprise of the situation again. Murdering somebody changes the way that you are forever, and people have noted that those that do murder have drained, lifeless eyes. I believe Aeolian was implying that the part of him that died with the soldier was him life, Joy and Division Vietnam, his serving years from 1969-70. It is titled After the War and epics the effects of war on soldiers after they return home. This single 16-line stanza includes two techniques symbolism and rhyme, although there is no consistent pattern with the rhyming. .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .postImageUrl , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:hover , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:visited , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:active { border:0!important; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:active , .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78ede234faf1322401705e58f152d62a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Prologue by Anne Bradstreet Analysis and SummaryThough the soldier has returned home, alive and well, there is emotional damage a tear that is irreparable and awaits its chance to surface. The term civilians is used as a method to separate the soldiers from the people, and is used as a synonym for people as it dehumidifies them. The civilians are restricted from the horror and the carnage that is war, thus resulting in commonly patriotic view by the public, when in reality, they would be unable to handle the harsh actuality of the battlefield. Breaks does not definitively know what effect the war has on individuals as it is something incomprehensible and indescribabl e. A 6. 1. Joe is a childs toy soldier, and is used to name the soldier as it feels more real and personal, as almost every home has seen a 6. 1. Joe figurine. Tipped the balance refers to, I believe, the chemical balance in the soldiers mind. Breaks doesnt know what happened specifically, but he identifies that the soldier is significantly damaged. Calmer waters refers to the soldiers home where he can return to his previous lifestyle. However, the war has an everlasting effect and he has difficulty adapting back to his regular way of life. He has been shaken and he cannot simply come back from the horrendous sights he has had to witness. The price they pay for defending their country is to slowly, but surely, lose their sanity and human qualities. They can occupy themselves during the day to distract their mind from their memories, but they are unable to escape their dreams. The war may be over, UT a new war has begun inside themselves. The three poems I have chosen tie in together in the sense that they show the damage that war does to the ones fighting. They are all written by someone that once served for their country, and they all have similar views that wars may end, but they last until the soldiers death. The first poem speaks about how the war inevitably makes you succumb to depressive thoughts and brings you to your death by your own hands, the second poem speak of the unjust circumstances that war puts you in and how wrong it is that soldiers are raised for killing a fellow human being, and the final poem recognizes that war leaves permanent damage to the soldiers mind and can induce anti-social behavior as the returning soldiers cannot slip back into their previous lifestyle. These poems support my view on war as I believe that war is not fought with purpose. They begin through prejudice, Jealousy, and the desire for domination. I do not understand how in everyday life you can kill somebody and be sent to Jail, but in a war situation you are praised and glorified. Soldiers that go to war are given not false, but not entirely rue, information about what war is like. They are misled to believe that war is fun, and holds the opportunity for great memories. Those recruiting forget to mention the toll of losing your closest friends, and watching the life drain from the enemy by your own hand. Taking someones life is illegal, and these soldiers are given free rein to murder in another country. The emotional toll these soldiers suffer during and after their service lead to self-mutilation and self-destruction. The American military reported 350 self-inflicted deaths of active duty personnel in 2009, and for every death, at least five serving personnel were hospitalized for attempted suicides.

10 Essay Topics on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis

10 Essay Topics on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a Literary Analysis If The Scarlet Letter by N. Hawthorne is part of your syllabus, chances are that your instructor will have you write a literary analysis. Through this assignment, they will give you a better chance to grow familiar with the basic ideas and concepts of the text. However, to get a good grade, you will need to go beyond a mechanical surface analysis and present well-thought-out ideas about the work. In addition to reading the book, you need to know a few facts to create an exceptional literary analysis. So, here is a list of 10 essential facts that can help you better understand ‘The Scarlet Letter’ and come up with your own topic for an effective analysis. If you want something a little more direct, refer to or list of 20 essay topics for ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a literary analysis. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ is the most famous book by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The setting is seventeenth-century Puritan New England. The events of the book take place during 1642 -1649. It is a tragic tale of love and the consequences of betrayal. The Puritanical attitudes and values play a major role in the social narrative of the novel. They are also the driving force behind the gender expectations and themes. The novel was one of the first American books to be mass-produced. During that era, books were hand bound and sold in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of ‘The Scarlet Letter’ produced 2,500 copies; all of them were sold out within ten days. The book enjoyed immense popularity and was widely read and discussed in all circles. This reception was quite rare for that period in literary history. The merits of the work were further recognized by the 20th century author D.H. Lawrence, who said that ‘The Scarlet Letter’ was a perfect work of American imagination. The overarching themes of the narrative are the struggle between sin and righteousness. The individual’s role and the role of the society are explored throughout the novel. The minor characters and the community’s behavior reflect how individuals were expected to behave during those times. There was a strict code of conduct which was to be followed by all, which is why transgressors were judged harshly. The protagonist, Hester Prynne, is made to wear a scarlet letter A to mark her as an adulteress and display her shame to the world. The letter is meant as a physical reminder of Hester’s affair with the cheating minister Dimmesdale. As the story progresses, this symbol of shame transforms. It shifts from standing for â€Å"Adulterer† to meaning â€Å"Able†, and then finally takes on a vague, indeterminate meaning. This transformation is meant to show the meaninglessness of the system and punishment, and judgment of the community. Another major theme explored is that of the extreme Puritan legalism. Hester makes the choice of not conforming to this mode of thinking. She rejects their beliefs and rules. Hester spends her life trying to help out the poor and the sick as much as possible. The rejection of the society forces her to re-evaluate her values. As a result, she does not mix with the society and ends up living a largely solitary life. Solitude is a major factor in bringing about the transformation in her thoughts and beliefs. It allows her to explore her own and society’s ideas of guilt and sin. Her thoughts go beyond the Puritan beliefs, making her begin to see her sin from a different perspective. The extent of the change in Hester’s beliefs is obvious from the fact that she begins to believe that the earthly sins can be atoned for and do not necessarily result in eternal damnation. Hester communicates this belief when she tells Dimmesdale that the sin they committed has been paid for as a result of their daily penance. This is in sharp contrast with Puritanical beliefs which hold that the sin of adultery condemns a person to Hell and cannot be forgiven. Hester is physically and spiritually alienated from the Puritan society. Her thinking becomes free from the religious bounds placed on it and she develops her own moral standards. This character development becomes clear when Hester decides to move on after the death of Dimmesdale. She can no longer conform to the strict beliefs of the Puritanical society. ‘The Scarlet Letter’ was first published in the year 1850 by Ticknor Fields. Its publication marked the beginning of Hawthornes most lucrative period. Hester’s daughter, Pearl is fascinated by the scarlet letter her mother wears. Pearl reacts to it with an attitude of joy and curiosity whereas the Puritanical elders see it as a sign of the devil. The mirthful personality of Pearl saves Hester from falling into the abyss of darkness. Instead of making her feel more ashamed, the child becomes her saving grace. These facts cover most of the themes and ideas presented by Nathaniel Hawthorne in what is believed to be his masterpiece; but, as with any work of literature, there can be no exhaustive list of facts.   You can explore the novel further if you have enough time. However, if you are in a hurry this list will give you the push you need to become creative and begin working on your assignment. If you need help with writing this assignment, check out our guide on how to write a literary analysis on ‘The Scarlet Letter’ by N. Hawthorne for a concise format and more guidelines. Best of luck! References: Maddern, C. (2010). Medieval literature. Harlow, England: Longman/Pearson. Lawrence, D. (1964). Studies in classic American literature. New York: Viking Press. Hester and Pearl in The Scarlet Letter by NathanielnHawthorne/Introductory Page. (2016). Hawthorneinsalem.org. Retrieved 6 April 2016, from hawthorneinsalem.org/Literature/HawthorneWomen/ScarletLetter/Introduction.html Charvat, William. Literary Publishing in America: 1790–1850. Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1993 (first published 1959): 56. ISBN 0-87023-801-9 Parker, Hershel. The Germ Theory of The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne Society Newsletter 11 (Spring 1985) 11-13. The Classic Text: Traditions and Interpretations. Uwm.edu. 2001-10-09. Retrieved 2016-04-06. Schwab, Gabriele. The mirror and the killer-queen: otherness in literary language. Indiana University Press. 1996. Pg. 120.

Scottish Surnames Meanings and Origins

Scottish Surnames Meanings and Origins Scottish surnames as we know them today - family names passed down intact from father to son to grandson - were first introduced into Scotland by the Normans about the year 1100. Such hereditary names were not universally prevalent and settled, however. The use of fixed Scottish surnames (last names that didnt change with each generation) wasnt really in prevalent use until the 16th century, and it was well into the late 18th century before surnames were common in the Highlands and northern isles. Origins of Scottish Surnames Surnames in Scotland generally developed from four major sources: Geographical or Local Surnames - These are names derived from the location of the homestead from which the first bearer and his family lived, and are generally the most common origin of Scottish surnames. Most of the earliest people in Scotland to adopt fixed surnames were the nobles and great landowners, who were often called by the land they possessed (e.g. William de Buchan from Buchan, Scotland). Eventually, even those who did not own significant land started to use place names to identify themselves from others of the same name, adopting the name of the village or even the street where the family originated. Tenants often took their name from the estate where they lived. Thus, most of the earliest surnames in Scotland were derived from place names. Topographic surnames derived from vague geographical locations rather than specific places, also fall into this category. These names may refer to physical features such as streams (Burns), moors (Muir) or forests (Wood) or to man-mad e structures, such as a castle or a mill (Milne). Occupational Surnames -   Many Scottish surnames developed from a persons job or trade. Three common Scottish surnames -   Smith (blacksmith), Stewart (steward) and Taylor (tailor) - are excellent examples of this. Offices associated with the kings lands and/or hunting are another common source of Scottish occupational names - names such as Woodward, Hunter,  and Forest.Descriptive Surnames -   Based on a unique quality or physical feature of the individual, these surnames often developed from nicknames or pet names. Most refer to an individuals appearance - color, complexion, or physical shape  - such as Campbell (from  caimbeul, meaning crooked mouth), Duff (Gaelic for dark) and Fairbain (beautiful child). A descriptive surname may also refer to an individuals personality or moral characteristics, such as Godard (good natured) and Hardie (bold or daring).Patronymic and Matronymic Surnames -   These are surnames derived from baptismal or Christian names to indicate family relationship or descent. Some baptismal or given names have become surnames without any change in form. Others added a prefix or an ending. The use of Mac and Mc was prevalent throughout Scotland, but especially in the Highlands, to indicate son of (e.g. Mackenzie, son of Coinneach/Kenneth). In lowland Scotland, the suffix ​-   son was more commonly added to the fathers given name to form a patronymic surname. These true patronymic surnames changed with each successive generation. Thus, Roberts son, John, might become known as John Robertson. Johns son, Mangus, would then be called Mangus Johnson, and so on. This true patronymic naming practice continued in most families until at least the fifteenth or sixteenth century before a family name was eventually adopted that passed down unchanged from father to son. Scottish Clan Names Scottish clans, from the Gaelic clann, meaning family, provided a formal structure for extended families of shared descent. Clans each identified with a geographical area, usually an ancestral castle, and were originally controlled by a Clan Chief, officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which controls heraldry and Coat of Arms registration in Scotland. Historically, a clan was made up of everyone who lived on the chiefs territory, people for which he was responsible and who, in turn, owed allegiance to the chief. Thus, not everyone in a clan was genetically related to one another, nor did all members of a clan bear a single surname. Scottish Surnames - Meanings Origins Anderson, Campbell, MacDonald, Scott, Smith, Stewart... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Scottish last names? If so, then youll want to check out our list of the most commonly occurring surnames in Scotland, including details on each names origin, meaning, and alternate spellings.   TOP 100 COMMON SCOTTISH SURNAMES THEIR MEANINGS 1. SMITH 51. RUSSELL 2. BROWN 52. MURPHY 3. WILSON 53. HUGHES 4. CAMPBELL 54. WRIGHT 5. STEWART 55. SUTHERLAND 6. ROBERTSON 56. GIBSON 7. THOMPSON 57. GORDON 8. ANDERSON 58. WOOD 9. REID 59. BURNS 10. MACDONALD 60. CRAIG 11. SCOTT 61. CUNNINGHAM 12. MURRAY 62. WILLIAMS 13. TAYLOR 63. MILNE 14. CLARK 64. JOHNSTONE 15. WALKER 65. STEVENSON 16. MITCHELL 66. MUIR 17. YOUNG 67. WILLIAMSON 18. ROSS 68. MUNRO 19. WATSON 69. MCKAY 20. GRAHAM 70. BRUCE 21. MCDONALD 71. MCKENZIE 22. HENDERSON 72. WHITE 23. PATERSON 73. MILLAR 24. MORRISON 74. DOUGLAS 25. MILLER 75. SINCLAIR 26. DAVIDSON 76. RITCHIE 27. GRAY 77. DOCHERTY 28. FRASER 78. FLEMING 29. MARTIN 79. MCMILLAN 30. KERR 80. WATT 31. HAMILTON 81. BOYLE 32. CAMERON 82. CRAWFORD 33. KELLY 83. MCGREGOR 34. JOHNSTON 84. JACKSON 35. DUNCAN 85. HILL 36. FERGUSON 86. SHAW 37. HUNTER 87. CHRISTIE 38. SIMPSON 88. KING 39. ALLAN 89. MOORE 40. BELL 90. MACLEAN 41. GRANT 91. AITKEN 42. MACKENZIE 92. LINDSAY 43. MCLEAN 93. CURRIE 44. MACLEOD 94. DICKSON 45. MACKAY 95. GREEN 46. JONES 96. MCLAUGHLIN 47. WALLACE 97. JAMIESON 48. BLACK 98. WHYTE 49. MARSHALL 99. MCINTOSH 50. KENNEDY 100. WARD Source: National Records of Scotland - Most Common Surnames, 2014

Business management (innovating ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business management (innovating ) - Essay Example Some of these concepts include agency or power, obligatory point of passage, actors, and the actor network theory among others. This paper shall delve in the significance of these concepts if applied to the case of the life and death of an aircraft, the masses analyses, and the Callon scallops paper. In this chapter, authors Law & Callon (1992) explore the consequences associated with the technical changes that happen during the duration of completing a technological innovation. They believe that even by starting technological innovation in a particular industry let alone an aircraft industry, changes can happen at some point during this duration. For instance, a technological project may require hundreds of thousands of ideas, thousands of workers, millions or even billions of money, highly intellectual specialists on sciences, engineering, and business, and, of course, the materials needed in the operation such as machines, designs, parts, etc. (Law & Callon 1992). The socio-technical context of technical change suggests the importance of having a global network, which harmoniously organizes everything in a sense that as consequences for every individual actor may become too significant to affect the overall outcome of the technological project, adjustments can be made accordi ngly. This network of actors makes the operation more manageable and easy to understand; it generates more time, space, and a set of resources in which innovation may take place (Law & Callon 1992). The strength of the global network depends on how strong its external connections, internal mobilization and obligatory point of passage are. For example, in building an aircraft, local network may have to come up with a design and develop production facilities; global network may serve as the securer of operations funding. In other words, the global network that is being talked about and employed in this context of the paper means

Assignment #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment #7 - Essay Example Under the given circumstances, it is torment for him as he finds it very difficult to take in the very idea of people in apparently advantageous situation laughing at their ill-fated counterparts. It seemed quite unfair and illogical to the naive little boy who had very fine sensibilities. Social acceptability was the major element that determined the manner in which a particular person was treated by others. In the perception of Acuna, the migrants were not acceptable as they were hardly clean. They lived out side the town keeping to the dirt roads and dust. They were compelled by their situation to remain aloof thus. Their poverty and displacement took away their sense of self-esteem and they knew they were being treated like implements. 2. The growers kept the migrant families apart because they wanted the families to fight against each other for jobs. By taking advantage of the desperate situation of the poor workers, the grower community tried to extract the maximum from each. One another tactic they resorted to was the practice of assigning the best crops to the fastest workers in the hope of generating professional rivalry among them, which would invariably result in enhanced quality of work. Acuna was very naive and ignorant of the mysterious ways of the world. Therefore, he did not realize the hideous aspect of the acts of his employers who deliberately attempted segregation among the families of the migrant community. 3. The social acceptance that came with the job is what prompted Acuna to take up the position of foreman. Besides the monetary benefits, his eagerness to make his parents proud of him counted significant in this move. 4. Acuna joined the Marines at the age of seventeen. It was immediately after he had his disillusionment as a foreman. He quit the job because the company refused to hike his wages though they increased the pay of those below him.

energy :: essays research papers

 ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 5 forms of energy: mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanical energy is the form of energy of familiar objects and machines.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical energy is the form of energy involved in chemical reactions. Chemical energy is released in the chemical reaction known as oxidation.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radiant energy is energy that travels through space. Radiant energy includes light and all other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrical energy is another form of energy from electromagnetic interactions that will be considered in detail later.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear energy is a form of energy often discussed because of its use as an energy source in power plants. Nuclear energy is another form of energy from the atom, but this time the energy involves the nucleus, the innermost part of an atom, and nuclear interactions.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any form of energy can be converted to another form. A light bulb, for example, converts electrical energy to radiant energy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The law of conservation of energy: Energy is never created or destroyed. Energy can be converted from on form to another but the total energy remains constant.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy arrives from the sun, goes though a number of conversions, and then radiates back into space. The total sum leaving eventually equals the original amount that arrived.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work is the product of an applied force and the distance through which the force acts. Work is measured in Newton-meters, a metric unit called a joule. Power is work per unit of time. Power is measured in watts. One watt is 1 joule per second. Power is also measured in horsepower. One horsepower is 550 feet 1lb/sec.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy is the ability to do work. An object that is elevated against gravity has a potential to do work. The object is said to have potential energy, or energy of position. Moving objects have the ability to do work on other objects because of their motion. The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.

The Concept Of Public Health Health And Social Care Essay

The challenges outlined in this definition are the chief duty of wellness attention professionals, particularly public wellness specializers who receive developing from Schools of Public Health ( SOPH ) . SOPH is a term used to depict a section in an establishment of higher acquisition concerned chiefly with proviso of postgraduate Public Health tutoring, chiefly in the signifier of a Masters grade in Public Health ( MPH ) . ( 3 )1.1 Backgrounds:Globally, there have been important alterations in public wellness, with monolithic betterments in developed states, while stagnancy and even diminution has been observed in the wellness position of developing and under-developed states. In states like the United Kingdom, the class of wellness attention during the 19th and 20th centuries focused on proviso of drinkable H2O and bettering sanitation, and clean air. These purposes have mostly been achieved to a sensible criterion, but unhappily, the state of affairs is far from what is desired i n most underdeveloped states. ( 4 ) The current tendency is typified by the â€Å" reverse attention jurisprudence † , where comparatively few schools of public wellness exist in parts with the greatest public wellness challenges and an extra figure exist in the developed universe, where focal point has shifted to face new epidemics of sick wellness ensuing from, for case drug maltreatment, fleshiness and smoke. The key to turn toing these wellness issues, both in development and developed states, lies with the preparation of competent public wellness specializer ; this undertaking lies chiefly with SOPH. ( 3 ) With the apparent importance of public wellness, the preparation of public wellness professionals plays an indispensable function in undertaking these jobs, as it lays the foundation for the hereafter of this sector. Selection is an built-in portion of any preparation programme and its importance can non be overemphasized. It can be described as the first one of the most of import stairss in the bringing of effectual population based wellness attention in this context. The class constructions of most MPH programmes were traditionally centred on capable countries such as ; epidemiology, wellness policy, wellness publicity, wellness direction, environmental wellness, human biological science and wellness economic sciences. ( 5-7 ) Presently nevertheless, the range has been expanded to include topics affecting statistical analysis and the usage of computing machine programmes ; the ability to entree, manage and work with information ; the ability to show and circulate information in an effectual mode ; interview and communicating accomplishments ; sensitiveness to wellness inequalities and societal accomplishments. ( 7 ) Most SOPH in the United Kingdom are organized around the subjects of capacity edifice, multidisciplinary, balanced instruction and research. Information is dissipated in traditional category room scene, either as full-time 12 month programmes, or as portion clip 24-60 months programmes. ( 8 ) Certain SOPH have adopted more advanced agencies of instruction bringing, choosing for electronic agencies for proviso of distance acquisition.1.2 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESInstitutions of larning concerned with educating pupils in the rules of public wellness started emerging in the early portion of the 20th century. The first of its sort was formed in 1916, when the Rockefeller foundation funded the gift of John Hopkins University in the United States. This establishment differed in its proficient attack to public wellness contrasting with the more societal and environmental attack adopted by Charles Edward Winslow at Yale University. ( 3 ) In line with the Rockefeller foundation ‘s aims of developing the scientific discipline of public wellness, it went in front to fund the constitution of legion SOPH within the United States and internationally. Its first international legacy was in the UK, where in 1922, it sponsored the formation of the public wellness section in the London school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ( LSHTM ) . However, shortly after the Second World War, the Rockefeller foundation shifted its focal point to other precedences. Despite this, there was still an addition in the figure of SOPH, with the World Health Organization join forcesing with National authoritiess specifically to develop and educate public wellness professionals from 1948. These attempts have seen the constitution of about 357 SOPH in 54 states as at 2006. ( 3 )1.3 SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM:An cyberspace based hunt of the universities in the UK offering different signifiers of public wellness at station alu mnus degree revealed about 70 eight of such establishments. However, there are differences in the quality and focal point of public wellness research offered by these establishments. These differences were highlighted after the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) , which identified the figure of research active staff and conducted a peer appraisal of the quality of research within different universities. ( 9 ) Another important difference in UK SOPH is the appellation between programmes offering a Masters in public Health ( MPH ) and an MSc in public wellness as differentiated by establishments established before and after 1992. Evans ( 2009 ) identified ‘pre-1992 ‘ universities as establishments that offer intensive classs and are staffed by internationally recognized research workers and have programmes normally labelled as ‘Masters in Public wellness ‘ ( MPH ) . The ‘post-1992 ‘ universities are largely former engineering schools that run largely parttime classs and frequently have less internationally celebrated staff labelling their programme as ‘MSc in Public Health ‘ . MPH programme are by and large considered superior to most MSc Public wellness programmes for these grounds. However the full clip MSc public wellness programme the London School of Hygiene and Tropical medical specialty ( LSTHM ) is internationally celebrated and stands as an exclusion to the facts stated above. ( 3 ) Over the last two decennaries, there have been important additions in the figure of postgraduate public wellness classs, particularly in new universities. These classs normally have a wider focal point reflecting the more societal facets of public wellness coupled with an admittance of pupils with multidisciplinary backgrounds. It was n't until 1992 that the LSTHM opened its public wellness grade to pupils with first grades other than medical specialty. It took a twosome of more old ages until the Faculty of Public wellness admitted non-medical alumnuss into its preparation programme in the twelvemonth 2000. ( 10 ) One major challenge of SOPH in the UK has been the issue of equilibrating research with learning. Schools that have really low RAE ranking will more likely lose support. Besides, the focal point on research is driven by the desire for equal reviewed publications as a step of the grade of academic success. This tendency has resulted in the prioritization of research over learning for most establishments of public wellness. However, there has been a nexus between the National Health Service and some SOPH, where the MPH class forms the first twelvemonth of public wellness specializer preparation programme which runs for 5 old ages. This agreement it has been argued will likely assist equilibrate research and instruction. ( 3,6 )1.4 THE PROCESS OF SELECTION:The United Kingdom is home to some of the most reputable acquisition establishments in the universe and as such attracts a diverse group of persons every twelvemonth, who come in hunt of quality cognition. The standards used for pupil choice into a Masters Degree programme in Public Health in has important deduction on future quality of the public wellness sector in the UK, and so the universe sing the big inflow of foreign pupils seeking quality instruction in public wellness. ( 11 ) Student choice is normally based chiefly on academic background/achievements. However, in recent old ages, the standard has been widened to include other factors like single attitudes, involvements, and personal features desired ends and work experience. Selection policies based on the traditional academic ability are fast melting out for a figure of grounds. One ground is the deficiency of grounds demoing a correlativity between old academic public presentation and subsequent success in wellness professional courses/practice. ( 12 ) The purpose of any choice procedure is to choose persons who best tantrum certain defined standards. Therefore an indispensable portion of this procedure is the definition of one or more standard by which appliers can be judged. This measure is highly of import, as SOPH are expected to take and develop future public wellness practicians who will be equipped with the needed accomplishments expected to turn to the challenges of this demanding profession. ( 11 ) Until late in the United Kingdom, developing under the Faculty of Public wellness was unfastened to merely medical practician and as a consequence, handiness of infinites on medically oriented public wellness programmes for non-medical appliers were limited. However, in 2000, the module rank was opened to non-medical alumnuss. Despite this alteration, there has been a diminution in module rank. However, these happenings has prompted inquiries about the accomplishments required to be competent public wellness practicians and if it was necessary to hold a medical grade before analyzing public wellness. ( 13 )1.5 Rationale:The thought for this undertaking was conceived by Dr Tom Marshall ( 14 ) after it was observed that admittances into the University of Birmingham ‘s MPH classs had increased significantly following the debut of an on-line choice test, as a pre-requisite for entry in March 2009. ( 15 ) Additionally, inquiries generated following a meeting of 12 MPH/MSc programme managers in September 2009 to discourse affairs of common involvement, besides inspired this undertaking.2. LITERATURE REVIEW:This literature reappraisal seeks to place similar work done on the choice standards for pupils meaning to analyze for a Masters grade in Public Health. It will try to place what the current cognition on pupil choice in the UK is, place countries that have already been researched and highlight what aspects may necessitate farther research.2.1 SEARCH STRATEGY:The writer conducted a hunt for articles written in English linguistic communication on the pupil choice standards for postgraduate public wellness instruction. Databases included in the hunt included MEDLINE, ERIC and ISI WEB OF SCIENCE. The electronic footings used entirely or in combination for the hunt included â€Å" Masterss, † â€Å" PUBLIC HEALTH, † â€Å" MPH, † â€Å" MSc, † â€Å" POSTGRADUATE, † â€Å" SELECTION, † and â€Å" CRITERIA † . Search footings combinations were modified utilizing AND/OR and database specific wildcards ( e.g. $ or? ) . The initial hunt provided really limited relevant informations on the topic being researched. Therefore, the undermentioned hunt footings were included ; â€Å" Undergraduate, † and â€Å" MEDICAL SCHOOL. †2.2 MPH AND UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL Training:The Rockefeller Foundation ‘s 1916 one-year study noted that the first SOPH was established to supply a sound footing of scientific cognition for the systematic publicity of populace and personal hygiene and besides set up a well defined calling as an attractive force for trefoils interested in the field of public wellness instead than the clinical pattern of medical specialty. These original aims still play a important function in finding who gets selected to analyze for an MPH. The educational course of study of sections of preventative medical specialty of most medical schools is really similar to that of many SOPH ( 16,17 ) and as a consequence the MPH programme was antecedently unfastened merely to alumnuss of medical schools as it was deemed indispensable to posses a medical grade before analyzing postgraduate public wellness. The turning demand for more health care professionals has seen the incorporation of the MPH course of study into the undergraduate medical preparation strategy. In the United States, a few of such programmes exist including classs at Yale, Tulane and John Hopkins. These medical schools run coincident programmes with next schools of public wellness, such that on graduation, pupils possess both an MD and an MPH. Undoubtedly, there is a strong convergence in the choice of undergraduate medical pupils and postgraduate pupils of the MPH programme. Due to the deficiency of literature on the choice standards for graduate student MPH, the writer decided to reexamine the literature on undergraduate medical pupil choice standards in the United Kingdom.2.3 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE UK:The standards used for choice of undergraduate medical pupils are mostly vague being more of an administrative exercising to fit the figure of appliers to the available infinites on the class utilizing a movable Markss threshold. The consequences are that the greater the figure of appliers that twelvemonth, the higher the threshold grade used for admittance. ( 18 ) However, most medical schools strive to guarantee that the few available places available for medical pupil admittance are unfastened to pupils who will do the best physicians. With the current consciousness that non-academic personal qualities are basically as of import in the pattern of medical specialty as academic ability, many medical schools require appliers to set about entry trials that step other qualities and features in add-on to academic ability. ( 12,19 ) One of such trial is the personal qualities assessment trial ( PQA ) , which is designed to measure verbal, numerical, and spacial logical thinking. It contains a personality stock list and besides has an ethical logical thinking paper. The PQA has added value alongside the A – degrees leting for an nonsubjective appraisal of non-cognitive features of draw a bead oning medical pupils. ( 19 ) Many surveies have been done to measure the qualities of medical pupil which will do them good physicians in the hereafter. ( 19-21 ) A 20 twelvemonth prospective cohort survey was carried out to find whether A- degree classs and intelligence abilities of medical pupils could be used to foretell physician ‘s callings. The survey was carried out on 511 medical pupils who entered West-minister medical school between 1975 and 1982 with follow up to 2002. The result steps assessed were the clip taken to make different calling classs, postgraduate makings obtained, figure of research publications, and steps of emphasis and burnout related to A- degree classs and intelligence at entry to clinical school. The consequences of the survey showed that an A-level class which has peculiar widespread application in UK pupil choice has long-run prognostic value for undergraduate and postgraduate callings. ( 21 ) Parry J et al carried out a reappraisal of the admittance procedure of five medical classs in UK universities. The aims of the survey were to depict the current methods used by medical schools to place prospective medical pupils for admittance to the five twelvemonth grade class. The reappraisal was carried out on a sum of 20 two universities utilizing documental analysis and interviews with admittance coachs. Their findings revealed that there was a common standard for medical pupil admittance, based on academic ability, coupled with a suited personality consisting motive for medical specialty, leading accomplishments, teamwork abilities and extracurricular involvement. The reappraisal concluded that despite the common implicit in standards for medical pupil admittances, universities differed in their application of their demands for pupil choice. ( 22 )Brown and Lilford in their paper titled â€Å" choosing medical pupils † noted that it cost about ?200,000 lbs to develop ea ch medical pupil in the United Kingdom. However, the deductions, fiscal and otherwise of taking the incorrect pupil to develop in the first case are far greater. Three wide attributes that a suited pupil should hold include ; appropriate cognitive ability, diligence and humanity. However, the current choice tools can merely test suitably for cognitive ability. Most medical schools have introduced aptitude trial based largely on cognitive undertakings. There is grounds to demo that the trial correlative well with presymptomatic scrutiny consequences, but have non been a dependable forecaster of clinical public presentation. They besides questioned the truth of psychological as a forecaster of diligence observing the trouble in finding the appropriate mixture of traits that is most prognostic of persevering service and personal patterned advance. They besides noted that although short medical pupil interviews were effectual enlisting tools, they had low prognostic value. ( 23 ) Anothe r survey noted that while most medical schools may wish to choose future physicians with both cognitive and non-cognitive trial, using the usage of interviews was noted to be labour intensive and clip consuming. ( 19 ) Trial of cognitive ability seemed to be the most valid method with the highest predictive.A recent article proposed a comprehensive theoretical account for the choice of medical pupils based on informed ego choice, academic accomplishment, general cognitive ability ( GCA ) and facets of personality and interpersonal accomplishments. They used informations ( n=1000 ) from existent choice processs to show how their proposed theoretical account can be applied to increase the opportunities of doing accurate and defendable pupil choice. ( 24 )2.4 SELECTION PROCESS FOR MPH ADMISSION IN OTHER COUNTRIESThe choice of pupils into the MPH programme in the United States follows a different format than what applies in the UK. In the US, all SOPH and public wellness plans are accre dited by the nationally recognized Council on Education for Public Health ( CEPH ) . Students meaning to use for a graduate student grade in public wellness direct their application through the Schools of Public Health Application Service ( SOPHAS ) . SOPHAS so completes the application to different schools, on behalf of single pupils. Before pupils can subject their application to SOPHAS, they must sit for an entryway scrutiny. Most schools accept the Graduate Record Exam ( GRE ) , although demands may change for some schools. ( 25 ) It is clear from a reappraisal of the literature that the implicit in rules of pupil choice procedure is geared towards placing persons who are most suited to the entry demands which are designed to choose campaigners that are most likely to win in the class. It besides aims to forestall the credence of campaigners that will most likely constitute a hazard to the profession.2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis undertaking aims to measure how pupils are selected for admittance into a Master ‘s programme by assorted schools of public wellness the United Kingdom. Specific aims will include: To measure the differences in MPH pupil choice procedure used by different Universities. To find the coveted qualities of a suited MPH pupil. To determine if entry demands differ for first twelvemonth public wellness trainees when compared to other pupils To determine if entry demands differ for campaigners with or without medical preparation To analyze the differences in entry demand for place and international pupils To increase our apprehension of why pupils chose certain MPH courses/universities3. Methodology:3.1 STUDY DESIGN:This is an exploratory survey which will affect a qualitative appraisal of MPH class manager ‘s sentiments, followed by a cross-sectional survey of MPH pupil ‘s sentiments.3.1 STUDY Setting:The survey will be carried out in different universities in the United Kingdom which offer a postgraduate public wellness grade class.3.2 STUDY POPULATION:UK universities MPH class managers Miles per hour pupils3.3 STUDY TOOLS:A information extraction signifier used to study university web sitesA semi structured telephone recorded interview with MPH class managers.A structured questionnaire for MPH pupils3.4 Sampling:This will get down with an initial study of web sites of all UK universities offering public wellness at postgraduate degree. Universities offering full clip or portion clip MPH/MSc Public Health and/or wellness publicity and classs under alternate names like Global Health will be selected for inclusion in the survey. Exclusion from the survey will be made on Public wellness classs offered at PHD or MPhil degree and Public wellness classs with rubrics such as Public Health Nutrition, Public Health Practice and Public Health policy. Based on the information collated from the website study, universities will be stratified into groups based on the undermentioned features: SOPH affiliated with medical schools SOPH affiliated with schools of nursing/other allied schools of wellness. Sophomore with long distance preparation programmes SOPH with Health Promotion as a strong component SOPH Involved with Public wellness trainees Subsequently, a graded random trying technique will be used to choose participant universities from each group. If an establishment has more than one of the features used for stratification, it will be included in a group with the least figure of universities. The current mark is aimed at choosing 20 universities for the telephone interview stage of the undertaking.3.4.1 UNIVERSITY SELECTION PROCESS:After informations extraction is complete, each university will be assigned a alone designation ( ID ) figure in the Microsoft Access database. Based on the features outlined above, universities will be stratified into different groups. Each group will so be exported into a separate Microsoft Excel dispersed sheet, with the alone ID figure arranged in columns. Subsequently, each column will be indiscriminately sorted utilizing the random generator tool for Excel. ( 26 ) The university at the top of the list from each group will be chosen for the interview procedure. The selected universit y will be excluded from the list, and the procedure repeated ( choosing and excepting the university at the top of the randomly sorted list each clip ) , until the coveted figure of participants has been reached. If there if any trouble contacting or obtaining consent from a chosen university, the procedure will be repeated to choose a replacing.3.4.2 INTERVIEW OF COURSE DIRECTORS:After stratification and random choice of universities, class managers from chosen SOPH will be contacted via electronic mail, and their consent sought for engagement in a semi-structured telephone recorded interview. Questions asked during the interviews will be structured to run into the declared aims of the undertaking. All interviews will be audio recorded with the consent of the respondents. Each telephone interview is anticipated to last between 30 to 45 proceedingss. Notes will be taken during the interview to supplement the sound taped conversations.3.4.3 MPH STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRES:Structured quest ionnaires with be distributed to MPH pupils from two universities affiliated with medical schools, in add-on to the University of Birmingham SOPH, to measure the pupils sentiments on their pick of MPH programmes. The universities will be chosen from those already selected for interview of the class manager. Questionnaires will be distributed via electronic mail to pupils in selected universities.3.5 JUSTIFICATION OF APPROACHThe survey will be executed by blending method, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative attacks. Qualitative methods are suited to for this undertaking as it provides the model for understanding the contexts of societal experience and enhances our capacity for societal account and generalisation. ( 27 ) It besides allows for the incorporation of professional positions, in this survey, those of different MPH class managers. Furthermore, this research method centres strongly on inductive logical thinking when construing informations and normally consequences in findings that were wholly unexpected. ( 28 ) Telephone interviews have been mostly neglected as a qualitative tool by many research workers who prefer face to confront interview. They argue that the deficiency of ocular cues, loss of non verbal informations and trouble set uping rapport brand s telephone interviews less attractive as a information aggregation method. However, it is easier for sensitive information to be disclosed as respondents feel more relaxed. There is besides no grounds demoing that telephone interviews produce lower quality informations than face to confront interviews. ( 29 ) This method is besides rather utile for this undertaking as it is easier to schedule and cheaper, sing the geographical distribution of participant SOPH. Quantitative methods will be used to supplement qualitative methods in this survey, since it has been argued that the logic of qualitative thought can be extended with qualitative methods. ( 27 )3.6 Analytic Method:This will be done utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques. Data analyses will get down instantly after informations extraction from surveyed university websites. This will be done utilizing basic descriptive statistics and comparative analyses where necessary. The semi-structured telephone interviews will be reviewed and reported in a structured format foregrounding repeating subjects which will be coded and analysed utilizing a thematic model. Structured pupil questionnaires will be analysed utilizing basic descriptive statistics, rank correlativity and thematic analysis. Statistical bundles which will help in informations managing and analysis include Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel and NVivo.3.7 Anticipated Problem:The most hard facet of this undertaking is the country of informations aggregation. The study of university web sites has been really disputing so far with tonss of trouble originating from screening out of import information from different university web sites. The writer anticipates that another major jobs associated with informations aggregation will be acquiring consent from MPH class managers for telephone interviews, sing their highly busy agenda. There is besides the issue of holding adequate clip to roll up, collate and adequately analyse informations generated for this undertaking. The job with the usage of pupil questionnaires is the issue of non-responders ( response rate possibly every bit low as 20 % ) . This could be addressed by utilizing on-line study tools e.g. study monkey and directing reminders to non-responders. Data analysis will necessitate some expertness in operating package bundles like Access, Excel an Nvivo. The writer has registered for and attended classs on these package bundles organized by the University of Birmingham IT-services section.3.8 ESTIMATED PROJECT TIMETABLE:The university web site study has reached an advanced phase and will be completed before the terminal of March 2010. Stratification of universities based on the standards outlined above has commenced and will be complete at about the same clip website informations extraction is completed. Subsequent choice of participant universities will be done in April 2010. It is expected that consent from take parting class managers will be received before the terminal of the April, and telephone interviews can be scheduled for May 2010. Data analysis will get down at the same time with the interviews and is expected to run through the month of June 2010. Design of pupil ‘s questionnaires is about complete. Its construction will be refined in April 2010 and distributed by the terminal of the month. Responses should be received during the moth of May 2010. Analysis of pupil questionnaires should get down in June 2010. Compilation of consequences and treatments will be done in July 2010 in readying for concluding entry in August 2010.

Schizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness - 1538 Words

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is in a very small amount of the population, 1 in 100 people (1% of the population). Symptoms of schizophrenia include, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, not much emotion if any is present, as well as speech and socializations issues. Ways to treat schizophrenia are very limited to antipsychotic drugs and therapy. Although there is not one cause to this illness found, there are many factors that explain the cause or result in having schizophrenia. Substance abuse and stress are also contributing factors in schizophrenia when it comes to patients with this illness having violent personalities as well as suicidal thoughts. Most research that has been conducted has shown that this is an illness that is usually inherited. Someone that has a relative that has schizophrenia that they are closely related to has a greater chance to inherit it than someone who does not have any relatives with the illness. Idententical twins hav e also been studied and found that â€Å"an identical twin of a person with schizophrenia has the highest risk 40 to 50 percent of developing illness. A child whose parent has schizophrenia has about a 10 percent chance† (Mentalhealth.com, Leonard Holmes). This all connects to the biological aspect of having this disorder but other issues that have been connected to people with schizophrenia are prenatal complications. A study by Thomas F. McNeil and Elizabeth Cantor-Graae, was done to analyze theShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, decision making, and relate to others. It’s a long-term medical illness affecting 1% of Americans. The causes of schizophrenia include genetics, environment, brain chemistry, and substance abuse. 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